Akt, phosphorylated (Ser473) (Rac PKa, PKBa)

Akt, also referred to as PKB or Rac, plays a critical role in controlling survival and apoptosis (1-3). This protein kinase is activated by insulin and various growth and survival factors to function in a wortmannin-sensitive pathway involving PI3 kinase (2,3). Akt is activated by phospholipid binding and activation loop phosphorylation at Thr308 by PDK1 (4) and by phosphorylation within the carboxy terminus at Ser473. The previously elusive PDK2 responsible for phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 has been identified as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) in a rapamycin-insensitive complex with rictor and Sin1 (5,6). Akt promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis by phosphorylating and inactivating several targets, including Bad (7), forkhead transcription factors (8), c-Raf (9) and caspase-9. PTEN phosphatase is a major negative regulator of the PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway (10). LY294002 is a specific PI3 kinase inhibitor (11). Another essential Akt function is the regulation of glycogen synthesis through phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3a and b (12,13). Akt may also play a role in insulin stimulation of glucose transport (12). In addition to its role in survival and glycogen synthesis, Akt is involved in cell cycle regulation by preventing GSK-3b mediated phosphorylation and degradation of cyclin D1 (14) and by negatively regulating the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p27 Kip (15) and p21 Waf1 (16). Akt also plays a critical role in cell growth by directly phosphorylating mTOR in a rapamycin-sensitive complex containing raptor (17). More importantly, Akt phosphorylates and inactivates tuberin (TSC2), an inhibitor of mTOR within the mTOR-raptor complex (18). Inhibition of mTOR stops the protein synthesis machinery due to inactivation of its effector, p70 S6 kinase and activation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-EP1), an inhibitor of translation (19,20). Specificity/Sensitivity: Phospho-Akt (Ser473) (D9E) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of Akt only when phosphorylated at Ser473.\n\nApplications: \nSuitable for use in Flow Cytometry, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Immunohistochemistry and Immunocytochemistry. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilution:\nWestern blot: 1:2000\nImmunoprecipitation: 1:50\nImmunohistochemistry: 1:50\nImmunofluorescence: 1:100\nFlow Cytometry: 1:50\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nFor long-term storage, aliquot and store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for at least 12 months at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

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