anti-CD9 (CD9) (Extracellular Loop) antibody: CD9 antigen is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of developing B lymphocytes, platelets, monocytes, eosinophils, basophil, stimulated T lymphocytes and by neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system. It belongs to a family of membrane proteins termed tetraspanins which transverse the membrane four times. In pre-B cells and platelets, CD9 antigen regulates cell activation and aggregation possibly through an association with the integrin CD41/CD61 (GPIIb/GPIIIa). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a complex technique in which immunological and histological detection methods are combined. In general, the manipulation and processing of tissues before immunostaining, especially different types of tissue fixation and embedding, as well as the nature of the tissues themselves may cause inconsistent results (Nadji and Morales, 1983). Endogenous pseudoperoxidase and peroxidase activity or endogenous biotin and alkaline phosphatase activity can cause non-specific staining results depending on the detection system used. Tissues that contain Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) can produce false positives when using HRP detection systems (Omata et al, 1980). Insufficient contrast staining and/or improper mounting of the sample may influence the interpretation of results.
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