During antibody production, different levels of heterogeneity usually occur, potentially affecting antibodies' biological function. One of the primary sources of this heterogeneity is the deletion of lysine (K) at the C-terminus of the heavy chain, and it is a common phenomenon in recombinant antibodies produced by mammalian cells. As lysine is a positively charged basic amino acid, antibodies without this C-terminal lysine display a distinct charge state compared to those retaining it.
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