Complement 4d (C4d)

Complement 4d (C4d) is the most clinically used marker for humoral rejection. It is a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. Complement 4d is typically initiated by binding of antibodies to specific target molecules. Following activation and degradation of the C4 molecule, thio-ester groups are exposed, which allow transient, covalent binding of the degradation product Complement 4d to endothelial cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of vascular basement membranes near the sites of C4 activation. Complement 4d is also found in intracytoplasmic vacuoles of endothelial cells. Covalent binding renders C4d a stable molecule that can easily be detected by immunohistochemistry.\n\nApplications: \nSuitable for use in Immunohistochemistry. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilutions:\nImmunohistochemistry (Paraffin): 1:200-1:400. For staining of formalin-fixed tissues, boil tissue sections in 1mM EDTA, pH 7.5, for 10-20 minutes followed by cooling at RT for 20 minutes.\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.

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