Complement factor C4, formerly known as Gg protein, consists of an alpha-, beta-, and gamma-chain. The classical pathway of complement and the mannose binding lectin (MBL) activation pathway converge at C4. C1s, MASP-1 and MASP-2 cleave C4 resulting in the formation of C4a and C4b. The latter can be cleaved resulting in C4c and C4d, in which step all functional sites are lost. Therefore, the C4d activation fragment of C4 is an excellent marker for classical complement pathway and MBL pathway activation. In a number of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), hereditary angioedema (HAE), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic urticaria with hypercomplementemia levels of C4d are significantly elevated in serum or plasma. C4d levels may also be elevated in plasma from patients with a variety of humoral autoimmune diseases in which complement activation is known to occur. Deposition of C4d in peritubular capillaries has been shown to be a sensitive marker for antibody-mediated (humoral) rejection in renal transplant biopsies.
Applications:
Suitable for use in Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence. Other applications not tested.
Recommended Dilutions:
Immunohistochemistry (Frozen): 1:20-1:80
Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin): 1:20-1:80. Heat induced epitope retrieval is recommended. Tris/EDTA buffer pH 8.5 is recommended.
Immunofluorescence: 1:20-1:80
Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.
Storage and Stability:
May be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.
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