Forkhead box O-class (FOXO) transcription factors are mammalian homologue of DAF-16, a known lifespan regulator of Caenorhabditis elegans. FOXO transcription factors, such as FOXO1, FOXO3a, and FOXO4, have been linked to the regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, oxidative stress, and metabolism (1). FOXO proteins are proposed to be dual regulated by Akt-mediated phosphorylation and Skp2-mediated ubiquitination, which are usually initiated by growth factors and cytokines. FOXO proteins are also activated by stress, which induces gene expression that contributes to cell cycle arrest, implicating FOXO proteins as tumor suppressors (2). Specifically, FOXO3a (FKHR-L1) is a transcriptional activator for apoptosis in the absence of survival factors, such as in neural cell death triggered by oxidative stress. In the presence of survival factors like IGF-1, AKT1/PKB phosphorylates on Thr-32 and Ser-253. However, in the absence of survival factors, FOXO3a is dephospholyated and translocated to the nucleus inducing transcription of target genes and apoptosis (3).
Applications:
Suitable for use in Western Blot, Immunohistochemistry, Immunocytochemistry. Other applications not tested.
Recommended Dilution:
Western Blot: 1:2,000-5,000
Immunohistochemistry: 1:50-100
Immunocytochemistry: 1:50-100
Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.
Storage and Stability:
May be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. For long-term storage, store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for at least 12 months at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.
Manufactured incorporating RabMAb(R) technology under Epitomics US patents, No 5,675,063 and 7,429,487, owned by Abcam.