Glycogen Synthase

Glycogen Synthase (GS), is an 85kD protein and a key enzyme in regulating glycogen synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of UDP-glucose incorporation into glycogen. The activity of glycogen synthase is regulated by hormonal stimuli (insulin, catecholamines and glucagons) and non-hormonal stimuli (blood glucose level and exercise). Muscle glycogen synthase is phosphorylated on at least nine sites by multiple kinases including glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), mitogen-activated protein kinase-related protein kinase (DYRK) and SAPK2b/p38b which leads to its inactivation. GSK-3 phosphorylates glycogen synthase at four serine sites in the COOH terminus including serines 641 and 645. Serine 641 is also phosphorylated by DYRK, while serine 645 is phosphorylated efficiently by SAPK2b/p38b. SAPK2b/p38b is believed to represent a priming kinase that allows GSK-3 to phosphorylate glycogen synthase at serine 641 and therefore inhibits its activity.\n\nApplications: \nSuitable for use in Western Blot. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilutions:\nWestern Blot: 1:1000 \nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nPositive Control: \nMouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes lysates; human HepG2 lysates.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.

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SPECIFICATIONS

Catalog Number

G8170-19

Size

10 Blots

Applications

ELISA, WB

Hosts

Rabbit

Reactivities

Hum, Mouse

Form

Supplied as a liquid in Dulbecco

P Type

Pab

Purity

Purified by immunoaffinity chromatography.

Isotype

IgG

References

1. Takadera, T. and T. Ohyashiki (2004) Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors prevent caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by ethanol in cultured rat cortical neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 499(3):239-245. 2. Nielson, J.N. and J.F. Wojtaszewski (2004) Regulation of glycogen synthase activity and phosphorylation by exercise. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 63(2):233-237. 3. Ugi, S. et al. (2004) Protein Phosphatase 2A negatively regulates insulin's metabolic signaling pathway by inhibiting Akt (Protein Kinase B) activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24(19):8778-8789. 4. Grenn, E.R. et al. (2004) Protein-targeting-to-glycogen promotes glycogen storage in hepatocytes by inactivation of phosphorylase and enzyme translocation. J. Biol. Chem. [Epub ahead of print] . 5. Ugi, S. (2004) Protein Phosphatase 2A negatively regulates insulin's metabolic signaling pathway by inhibiting Akt (Protein Kinase B) activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24(19):8778-8789. 6. Green, A.R., et al. (2004) Protein-targeting-to-glycogen promotes glycogen storage in hepatocytes by inactivation of phosphorylase and enzyme translocation. J. Biol. Chem. [Epub ahead of print]. 7. Kuma, Y., et al. (2004) Identification of glycogen synthase as a new substrate for stress-activated protein kinase 2b/p38beta. Biochem. J. 379(Pt 1):133-139. 8. Skurat, A.V. and A.D. Dietrich (2004) Phosphorylation of Ser640 in muscle glycogen synthase by DYRK family protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 279(4):2490-2498.

Additional Info

Recognizes human Glycogen Synthase (Muscle/Liver). Species Crossreactivity: mouse.