Trace elements such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel, lead, and molybdenum, although present in very small contents in organisms, are essential for the growth, development, and physiological functions of organisms. Despite their low content, the insufficient or excessive intake of these elements can have adverse effects on organisms. Copper, iron, and molybdenum are essential for life activities, but can be toxic beyond certain concentrations.