The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) mediate a variety of cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels. The mAChRs transducer signals by coupling to G-proteins, which then modulate several downstream effector proteins and ion channels. Five mAChR subtypes have been identified, designated M1 to M5. The five receptor subtypes show distinct patterns of tissue distribution, as well as distinct pharmacological and functional properties.