NAD metabolism-related small molecules include oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide riboside (NaR), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). NAD+, also known as coenzyme I, is an essential coenzyme in redox processes and participates in various physiological activ