PAPC (1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine)

1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine (PAPC), is a naturally occuring phospholipid containing polyunsaturated arachidonic acid, which is a common lipid in mammalian cell membranes and lipoproteins. PAPC can be used as an unoxidized control in experiments utilizing oxidized PAPC (OxPAPC). OxPAPC, is a prototypic biologically active oxidized phospholipid first isolated from LDL minimally modified by oxidation (MM-LDL). OxPAPC is an active principle of MM-LDL and mimicks several pro- and anti-inflammatory effects induced by oxidized lipoproteins. Oxidation of PAPC generates two groups of oxidized phospholipids containing either fragmented or oxygenated sn-2 residues. The best-characterized fragmented species contain a five-carbon sn-2 residue bearing omega-aldehyde or omega-carboxyl groups. Oxygenation of arachidonic acid residue produces phospholipids containing esterified isoprostanes. Both fragmented and oxygenated species can regulate immune reactions. Pro-inflammatory effects of OxPAPC induce stimulation of endothelial cells to bind monocytes and induction of tissue clotting factor, IL-8, MCP-1, G-CSF and other mediators of atherothrombosis. Anti- inflammatory effects of OxPAPC are mediated by induction of protective enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 and suppression of innate immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) due to inhibition of LPS recognition by LPS-binding protein (LBP) and CD14. OxPAPC is active in vivo and was shown to protect mice from lethal endotoxin shock.\n\nSource:\nSynthetic PAPC.\n\nBiological Activity:\nBiological activities of OxPAPC are mediated by a variety of signal transduction mechanisms, including elevation of cAMP and Ca2+ levels, activation of MAP kinases, PI-3-kinase and small GTPases Rac-1 and Cdc42. OxPAPC-induced protein synthesis is mediated by transcription factors such as Egr-1, NFAT, CREB, PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, but does not involve NFkB-dependent transcription.\n\nApplications: \nSuitable for use as an unoxidized control in experiments utilizing oxidized PAPC. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilutions:\nNegative control for OxPAPC: The concentration range in which PAPC can be used is dependent on the cell type and should be equal to OxPAPC, usually below 100ug/ml. Please note that PAPC can be oxidized by cells.\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nLyophilized powder may be stored at -20 degrees C. Stable for 12 months at -20 degrees C. Reconstitute with sterile buffer. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. Reconstituted product is stable for 6 months at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

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SPECIFICATIONS

Catalog Number

P3100-30

Size

5mg

Form

Dried synthetic PAPC

References

1. Birukov, K et al; Signal transduction pathways activated in human pulmonary endothelial cells by OxPAPC, a bioactive component of oxidized lipoproteins. Microvasc Res 2004, 67: 18. 2. Zheng, M et al; Inhibition of LPS- and CpG DNA-induced TNF-alpha response by oxidized phospholipids. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004, 286: L808. 3. Birukov, K et al; Epoxycyclopentenone-containing oxidized phospholipids restore endothelial barrier function via Cdc42 and Rac. Circ Res 2004, 95: 892. 4. Furnkranz, A et al; Oxidized phospholipids trigger atherogenic inflammation in murine arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25: 633. 5. Bl