PAPC, Oxidized (OxPAPC, Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine)

Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) is a prototypic biologically active oxidized phospholipid first isolated from LDL minimally modified by oxidation (MM-LDL). OxPAPC is an active principle of MM-LDL that mimics several pro- and anti-inflammatory effects induced by oxidized lipoproteins. Oxidation of PAPC generates a mixture of oxidized phospholipids containing either fragmented or full- length oxygenated sn-2 residues. The best-characterized oxidatively fragmented species contain a five- carbon sn-2 residue bearing omega-aldehyde or omega-carboxyl groups. Oxydation of arachidonic acid residue also produces phospholipids containing esterified isoprostanes. Both fragmented and full-length oxygenated species can regulate immune reactions. Pro-inflammatory effects of OxPAPC include stimulation of endothelial cells to bind monocytes and induction of tissue clotting factor, IL-8, MCP-1, G-CSF and other mediators of atherothrombosis. Anti- inflammatory effects of OxPAPC are mediated by induction of protective enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 as well as suppression of innate immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) due to inhibition of LPS recognition by LPS-binding protein (LBP) and CD14. OxPAPC is active in vivo and was shown to protect mice in several models of acute inflammation induced by bacterial products. In addition, oxidized phospholipids present in OxPAPC are recognised by scavenger receptor CD36 and auto-antibodies present in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome.\n\nSource:\nOxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) is a prototypic biologically active oxidized phospholipid first isolated from LDL minimally modified by oxidation (MM-LDL).\n\nBiological Activity:\nBiological activities of OxPAPC are mediated by a variety of signal transduction mechanisms, including elevation of cAMP and Ca2+ levels, activation of MAP kinases, PI-3-kinase and small GTPases Rac-1 and Cdc42. OxPAPC-induced gene expression is mediated by transcription factors such as Egr-1, NFAT, CREB, NRF2, ATF4 but does not involve NFkB-dependent transcription.\n\nApplications: \nSuitable for use in biological assays. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilutions:\nBiological Assays: 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as negative unoxidized controls.\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nLyophilized powder may be stored at -20 degrees C. Stable for 12 months at -20 degrees C. Reconstitute with ddH2O. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

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SPECIFICATIONS

Catalog Number

P3100-31

Size

1mg

Form

Dried OxPAPC prepared by air oxidation

References

1. Bochkov, V et al; Oxidized phospholipids stimulate tissue factor expression in human endothelial cells via activation of ERK/EGR-1 and Ca++/NFAT. Blood 2002, 99: 199. 2. Birukov, K et al; Signal transduction pathways activated in human pulmonary endothelial cells by OxPAPC, a bioactive component of oxidized lipoproteins. Microvasc Res 2004, 67: 18. 3. Zheng, M et al; Inhibition of LPS- and CpG DNA-induced TNF-alpha response by oxidized phospholipids. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004, 286: L808. 4. Birukov, K et al; Epoxycyclopentenone-containing oxidized phospholipids restore endothelial barrier function via Cdc42 and Rac. Circ Res 2004, 95: 892. 5. Furnkranz, A et al; Oxidized phospholipids trigger atherogenic inflammation in murine arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25: 633. 6. Bl