CD279, known as programmed death-1 (PD-1), is a 50-55 kD glycoprotein and belongs to the CD28 family of the Ig superfamily. PD-1 is expressed on activated splenic T, B lymphocytes, and thymocytes. It is induced on activated myeloid cells as well. PD-1 is involved in lymphocyte clonal selection and peripheral tolerance through binding its ligands, B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-DC (PD-L2). It was reported that PD-1 and PD-L1 interactions are critical to positive selection and play a role in shaping the T cell repertoire. PD-L1 negative costimulation is essential for prolonged survival of intratesticular islet allografts.