In cell biology and biochemistry, post-translational modifications (PTMs) critically influence the stability, activity, localization, and functions of proteins. Among these, lactylation stands out as a significant PTM. This modification can occur on any protein residue with a free amino group, such as lysine, arginine, and tyrosine. During this process, lactate reacts with these amino acids to form an ester linkage, thereby altering protein structure and function.