S-nitrosylation (SNO) is the covalent attachment of some nitroso (NO) groups to sulfhydryl residues (S) in proteins, forming S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). These groups are subsets of specific cysteine residues, leading to the formation of S-nitrosylated proteins. SNOs have a short half-life in the cytosol due to various reductases, such as glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin, which act to remove the nitroso groups.