S100 Protein, Human, Western Blot Positive Control

Positive Control for S0052-10A in Western Blot (Human) \n\nCalcium (Ca+2 or Ca) is the most abundant cation and it is required for many physiological activities such as bone formation and it acts as a second messenger in signal transduction. However only 1% of Ca is present in ionic form in biological fluids. Ca concentration is regulated by calcitropic hormones that act on bone, kidney, and intestine. Extracellular Ca+ levels are sensed and regulated by Calcium Sensing receptor (CASR). When Ca levels are limiting then it must be taken up by active, transcellular pathways comprising (1) Ca++ entry across apical membrane, (2) cytosolic transport of Ca++ across the cell form apical to basolateral membrane facilitated by a family of low mol wt Calcium binding proteins (CABPs) that include vitamin D3-dependent Ca++ binding proteins (calbindin-D9k, Calbindin-28k, Calretinin, Parvalbumin, S100, calmodulin) and finally (3) an active extrusion of Ca++ through basolateral membrane mediated by Ca++ ATPase and Na+ Ca++ exchangers (NCX). Ca++ absorption in intestine and its reabsorption in kidney are carried out by Ca++ Transport (CaT) proteins, CaT-1, CaT-2 or Epithelial Ca Channel (ECAC1/ECAC2/CaT-Like (CaT-L) proteins.\n\nCalbindins are Ca-binding proteins belonging to the troponin C superfamily. There are two types of CaBPs: the "trigger"- and the "buffer"-CaBPs. The conformation of "trigger" type CaBPs changes upon Ca2+ binding and exposes regions on protein that interact with target molecules, thus altering their activity. The buffer-type CABP are thought to control the intracellular calcium concentration. S100 protein or Ca-binding protein A1/S100A1 is also a member of low mol wt, cytoplasmic, calcium binding troponin family. It is produced in the brain, muscle, and heart and a wide variety of normal and tumor cells. S100 has two subunits: S100-alpha (mouse/rat/human 94 aa, chromosome 1q21) and S100-beta (mouse, rat/human 92 aa chromosome 21q22.2-q22.3) that forms either homodimer (alpha-alpha known as S-100a(0) or beta-beta known as S-100b) and heterodimers (known as S-100a) of ~21kD. S100 alpha and beta chains show ~58% sequence identity. At least 9 different genes for S100 have been assigned on chromosome 21 namely S100A1-S1009. S-100 contains 2 EF-hand domains. S100A1 improves cardiac contractile performance both by regulating sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca ion handling myofbirilar Ca-ion responsiveness. Leakage of S100 protein by glial cells into the extracellualr matrix, CSF and serum are useful in monitoring traumatic brain injury.\n\nApplications:\nSuitable for use in Western Blot. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Diluitons:\nWestern Blot: 10ul/lane\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. For long-term storage, store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for at least 6 months at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

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SPECIFICATIONS

Catalog Number

S0052-10B

Size

50ul

Applications

WB

Reactivities

Hum

Form

Supplied as a liquid in SDS-PAGE sample buffer (reduced).

Purity

(same/more than) 90%

References

1. Engelkamp D et al (1993) PNAS 90, 6547-6551; 2. Herrera GA et al (1988) Am. J. Pathol. 89, 168-176; 3. Isobe T et al (1978) J. Neurochem. 30, 921-923; 4. Morri K et al (1991) BBRC 175, 185-191; 5. Most P et al (2001) PNAS 98, 13889-13894; 6. Schafer BW et al (1995) Genomics 25, 638-643