Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms (reviewed in 1). TLRs are primary transmembrane proteins of immune cells; they have an extracellular region which contains leucine-rich repeat motifs, and a cytoplasmic tail, which has a Toll:interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs ) that bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Different TLRs recognize different surface and intracellular components of microorganisms or PAMPS. The interaction between a TLR and a microbial component or PAMP triggers the activation of the innate immune system, as well as the development of acquired immunity. Interaction of PAMPs with different TLRs induces distinct patters of gene expression through signal transduction pathways. TLR signaling occurs through the TIR domains which utilize adaptors such as MyD88, TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM. NF-kapppa-B and JNK pathways are activated leading to the transcription of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines. TLR-10, originally identified from a spleen cDNA library, is on chromosome 4p14 and has been found to be expressed in lung and in B-lymphocytes (2). TLR10 is thought to be a potential asthma candidate gene because early life innate immune responses to ubiquitous inhaled allergens and PAMPs may influence asthma susceptibility.
Applications:
Suitable for use in ELISA and Western Blot. Other applications not tested.
Recommended Dilution:
Western Blot: 5ug/ml
ELISA: 1:100-1:1000
Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.
Positive Control:
Mouse or rat intestine cell lysate
Storage and Stability:
May be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for at least 12 months. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.
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