During the tumor formation process, cancer cells release various cytokines and growth factors into the surroundings and reprogram many other types of cells to establish a tumor microenvironment. As a result, tumor tissues almost always contain a large number of endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and infiltrating inflammatory cells, which in turn produce various cytokines. Tumor-derived VEGF acts on endothelial cells, promoting angiogenesis and tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis.
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