Ubiquitin (Ub), a small molecule protein composed of 76 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 8.5 kDa, is highly conserved throughout evolution. It contains seven lysine (Lys) sites (K6, K11, K27, K29, K33, K48, and K63), one methionine (Met) site at the N-terminus (M1), and one glycine (Gly) site at the C-terminus (G76). Ubiquitin molecules form ubiquitin chains through these sites; if ubiquitin is connected in the same manner, it results in homotypic ubiquitin chains, otherwise, heterotypic