Verruculogen

Verruculogen is a tremorgenic mycotoxin first isolated from Penicillium verruculosum in 1972 and the structure resolved as an indole alkaloid in 1974. Subsequent investigations have shown that verruculogen is produced by several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus and its presence is a useful taxonomic phenotypic marker. The tremorgenic action of verruculogen is complex but is associated with increases in spontaneous glutamate and aspartate release, decreases in GABA levels and, at toxic doses, an increase in the number and decrease in the affinity of DHP receptors in rat cortex. In in vitro guinea pig ileum preparations, verruculogen causes an increase in contractile responses due to electrical field stimulation, attributed to enhancement of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals. Verruculogen also inhibits Ca2+-activated K+ channels and is a cell cycle inhibitor blocking division at the M phase\n\nSource: Aspergillus fumigatus MST-FP1133\n\nApperance: White solid \n\nSolubility: Soluble in ethanol, methanol, DMF or DMSO. Limited water solubility \n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. For long-term storage, aliquot and store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for at least 12 months at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

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SPECIFICATIONS

Catalog Number

V2121-71

Size

1mg

Purity

~95%

References

1. Tremorgenic toxin from Penicillium veruculosum. Cole R.J. et al., Appl. Microbiol. 1972, 24, 248. 2. The structure of verruculogen. A tremor producing epoxide from Penicillium verruculosum. Fayos J. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 6785. 3. Actions of tremorgenic fungal toxins on neurotransmitter release. Norris P.J. et al., J. Neurochem. 1980, 34, 33. 4. Tremorgenic indole alkaloids potently inhibit smooth muscle high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Knaus H.H. et al., Biochemistry 1994, 33, 5819. 5. Novel mammalian cell cycle inhibitors, tryprostatins A, B and other diketopiperazines produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. II. Physico-chemical properties and structures. Cui C.B. et al., J. Antibiot. 1996, 49, 534. 6. In vitro effects of tremorgenic mycotoxins. Selala M.I. et al., J. Nat. Prod. 1991, 54, 207.