Visinin-like Protein 1 (VSNL1, VILIP, VISL1, VLP-1, Hippocalcin-like Protein 3, HLP3)

Visinin was originally isolated biochemically from chicken retina as a major protein of about 24kD on SDS-PAGE (1). Following cloning and sequencing of visinin, several visinin like proteins were discovered by homology screening (2, 3). One of these, Visinin-like protein 1 is a small Calcium binding protein which is very abundant in the nervous system and is found only in neurons, though different neurons have different levels of expression (4, 5). It is particularly concentrated in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and tends to be most abundant in perikarya and dendrites. The protein was discovered independently by several groups and is therefore also sometimes known as hippocalcin-like protein 3, HLP3, HPCAL3, HUVISL1, VLP-1, VILIP and VILIP-1. The protein belongs to the large superfamly of calmodulin and paravalbumin type proteins which function by binding Calcium ions. Calcium binding alters the confomation of these proteins and allow them to interact with other binding partners, the properties of which they may alter. Visinin-like protein 1 has four "EF hand" domains, which are negatively charged helix-turn-helix peptides which are responsible for Calcium binding. Visinin-like protein 1 is 191 amino acids in size and has a molecular weight on SDS-PAGE of 22kD. The protein has recently been suggested to be a useful biomarker of Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury (6, 7, 8). The HGNC name for this protein is VSNL1.\n\nApplications:\nSuitable for use in Immunofluorescence and Western Blot. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilution:\nImmunofluorescence: 1:500-1:1000\nWestern Blot: 1:1000-1:2000 using chemiluminescence.\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.

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SPECIFICATIONS

Catalog Number

031446

Size

100ul

Applications

IF, WB

Hosts

Mouse

Reactivities

Hum, Mouse, Rat, Bov

Form

Supplied as a liquid in PBS, 10mM sodium azide.

P Type

Mab

Purity

Purified by affinity chromatography.

Isotype

IgG1

References

1. Hatakenaka S, Kuo CH, Miki N. Analysis of a distinctive protein in chick retina during development. Brain Res. 312:155-63 (1983).\n\n2. Kuno T, Kajimoto Y, Hashimoto T, Mukai H, Shirai Y, Saheki S, Tanaka C. cDNA cloning of a neural visinin-like Ca(2+)-binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 184:1219-25 (1992).\n\n3. Polymeropoulos MH, Ide S, Soares MB, Lennon GG. Sequence characterization and genetic mapping of the human VSNL1 gene, a homologue of the rat visinin-like peptide RNVP1. Genomics. 29:273-5 (1995).\n\n4. Bernstein HG, Baumann B, Danos P, Diekmann S, Bogerts B, Gundelfinger ED, Braunewell KH. Regional and cellular distribution of neural visinin-like protein immunoreactivities (VILIP-1 and VILIP-3) in human brain. J Neurocytol. 28:655-62 (1999).\n\n5. Paterlini M, Revilla V, Grant AL, Wisden W Expression of the neuronal calcium sensor protein family in the rat brain. .Neuroscience. 99:205-16 (2000).\n\n6. Laterza OF, Modur VR, Crimmins DL, Olander JV, Landt Y, Lee JM, Ladenson JH. Identification of novel brain biomarkers. Clin. Chem. 9:1713-21 (2006).\n\n7. Lee JM, Blennow K, Andreasen N, Laterza O, Modur V, Olander J, Gao F, Ohlendorf M, Ladenson JH. The brain injury biomarker VLP-1 is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease patients. Clin. Chem. 10:1617-23 (2008).\n\n8. Tarawneh R, D'Angelo G, Macy E, Xiong C, Carter D, Cairns NJ, Fagan AM, Head D, Mintun MA, Ladenson JH, Lee JM, Morris JC, Holtzman DM. Visinin-like protein-1: diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 70:274-85 (2011) doi: 10.1002/ana.22448.

Additional Info

Recognizes VSNL1 from human, bovine, mouse and rat. Since VSNL1 is highly conserved in primary sequence, it is likely that the antibody is effective on other species also.