In X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments, X-rays bombard macromolecules, and the scattered X-rays are analyzed to provide detailed three-dimensional (3D) structural information. The scattering of X-rays by atoms results from interactions between X-ray photons and the electron clouds surrounding each atom. As biomolecules primarily consist of light elements like carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), a single protein molecule's scattering power is quite weak.
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