Goat anti He-dcyd polyclonal antibody

Goat Anti-He-dcyd polyclonal antibody for ELISA, IHC, WB. The reaction of the lipid peroxidation product 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) with 2`-deoxycystindine results in the formation of the DNA adduct heptanone-etheno-2`-deoxycystindine (H?dC). Analysis of DNA adducts in various human tissues demonstrate that H?dC is ubiquitous to many, if not all, human tissues. In several cases extremely high levels of these DNA adducts were found suggesting that they can represent significant DNA modifications with the potential for deleterious effects on human health. H?dC has been shown to be highly mutagenic in both bacterial and human cells. When an H?dC adduct was placed in a plasmid that was replicated in both bacterial and human cells, it was able to completely block DNA replication in the bacteria and only small fractions of progeny were detected in the human cells suggesting that H?dC is a very strong block to DNA synthesis. Additionally, H?dC also strongly miscodes when bypassed in bacterial and human cell systems resulting in a miscoding frequency of about 45% and 90% respectively. H?dC has been found to be the most abundant DNA adduct in a colorectal cancer model where COX-2 is up-regulated. While COX-2 levels are low to undetectable in normal intestinal cells, toxic insults can lead to increased oxidative stress which produces an increase in reactive oxygen species leading to an increase in COX-2 levels. The decomposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids by COX-2 can lead to increased production of ONE and the subsequent modification of 2`-deoxycystindine to form H?dC. Using a mouse colorectal cancer model where the min mice produce excess COX-2 and are more likely to have spontaneous colorectal cancer than the wild type mice, it has been shown that increased levels of COX-2 lead to increased levels of H?dC. Additionally, min mice have a statistically higher level of intestinal H?dC than the wild type mice. H?dC has also been found to be the most abundant DNA adduct in breast epithelial cells that overexpress COX-2.