Human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transports cholesterol from the liver to tissues where it is incorporated into cell membranes. LDL consists of a neutral lipid core surrounded by an outer shell of phospholipids and amphipathic apolipoprotein B-100, a ligand for hepatic clearance of plasma cholesterol via LDL receptors. LDL particles are formed from the lipolytic conversion of VLDL to IDL by lipoprotein lipase. LDL varies in size, shape, composition, and density, and comprise multiple subclasses (1-2). Elevation of small, dense LDL in plasma is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction (3). Familial hypercholesterolemia, caused by a mutation in a LDL receptor gene, is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with elevated LDL levels and premature coronary atherosclerosis (4).
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