Smad2, phosphorylated (Thr220) (Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Deleted in Pancreatic Carcinoma)

Smad2 is a 58kD member of a family of proteins involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development. The Smad family is divided into three subclasses: receptor-regulated Smads, activin/TGFb receptor-regulated (Smad2 and 3) or BMP receptor regulated (Smad1, 5 and 8); the common partner, (Smad4) that functions via its interaction to the various Smads; and the inhibitory Smads, (Smad6 and Smad7). Smad2 consists of two highly conserved domains, the N-terminal Mad homology (MH1) and the C-terminal Mad homology 2 (MH2) domains. The MH1 domain binds DNA and regulates nuclear import and transcription while the MH2 domain conserved among all the Smads regulates Smad2 oligomerization and binding to cytoplasmic adaptors and transcription factors. Activated Smad2 associates with Smad4 and translocates as a complex into the nucleus, allowing its binding to DNA and transcription factors. This translocation of Smad2 (as well as Smad3) into the nucleus is a central event in TGFb signaling. Phosphorylation of threonine 8 in the calmodulin-binding region of the MH1 domain by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) enhances Smad2 transcriptional activity, which is negatively regulated by calmodulin. The regulation of Smad2 phosphorylation on threonine 8 by ERK1 and calmodulin is critical for Smad2-mediated signaling.\n\nApplications: \nSuitable for use in Western Blot. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilutions:\nWestern Blot: 1:500-1:1000\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.

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