Phosphatase, Alkaline, Placental (Alkaline phosphatase, placental type, Alkaline phosphatase Regan isozyme, ALP, FLJ61142, PALP, Placental alkaline phosphatase 1, PLAP, PLAP-1)

Human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is a membrane bound, zinc-containing metalloenzyme synthesized by syncytiotrophoblast of placenta during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. PLAP is found only in higher primates, and it exhibits a high degree of genetic polymorphism. PLAP consists of 65kD subunit dimers that are heat resistant, whereas other alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from liver, bone, kidney, and intestine are heat sensitive.\nPolyclonal anti-PLAP antibody is particularly useful in staining testicular germ-cell tumors. One study of 89 germ cell tumors demonstrated that this antibody stained 98% of cases with seminomatous elements, 97% of embryonal carcinomas, and 85% of endodermal sinus tumors. PLAP staining was strongest and most diffuse in seminomas. The antibody also strongly stained intratubular germ-cell neoplasia or carcinoma in situ in all the specimens containing this element (53/53, 100%). Generally, polyclonal anti-PLAP antibody is useful in identifying germ cell tumors; however, it also stains certain types of somatic neoplasms. In one study, this antibody stained all 37 (100%) germ cell neoplasms: 19 seminomas, 11 embryonal carcinomas, 3 yolk-sac carcinomas, 3 choriocarcinomas, and 1 immature teratoma. Sixty-two of 483 (13%) somatic tumors (female mullerian, intestinal, and lung carcinomas) were also immunoreactive to the antibody. A few cases of breast and renal carcinomas were also immunoreactive. Mesotheliomas, melanomas, malignant lymphomas, carcinomas from nasopharynx, adrenal glands, liver, pancreas, stomach, prostate, and urinary bladder were consistently negative for PLAP reactivity. May be used along with EMA and Pan-Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) to distinguish germ cell tumors from somatic tumors. Germ cell tumors are consistently stained with PLAP, but they are not reactive to EMA and AE1/AE3(3). In contrast,\nPLAP-negative tumors are consistently reactive to EMA and AE1/AE3 under the same pre-treatment conditions.\n\nApplications:\nSuitable for use in Immunohistochemistry. Other applications have not been tested.\n\nRecommended Dilution:\nImmunohistochemistry: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections using light microscopy\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nPositive Control: Full-term human placenta or seminoma that has been shown to overexpress PLAP\nExpected Staining Pattern: Membrane\nEpitope Retrieval: Not required, but may enhance staining\nEnzyme Digestion: Not required\n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. For long-term storage and to avoid repeated freezing and thawing, aliquot and add glycerol (40-50%). Freeze at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for at least 12 months at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

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