Smad Ubiquitination Regulatory Factor-1 (Smurf1)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute a large family of signaling molecules that regulate a wide range of critical processes including morphogenesis, cell-fate determination, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis (1,2). BMP receptors are members of the TGF- beta family of Ser/Thr kinase receptors. Ligand binding induces multimerization, autophosphorylation and activation of these receptors (3-5). Subsequently, they phosphorylate Smad1 at Ser463 and Ser465 in the carboxy-terminal motif SSXS, as well as Smad5 and Smad8 at their corresponding sites. These phosphorylated Smads dimerize with the collaborating Smad4 and translocate to the nucleus, where the transcription of target genes is stimulated (5). Smurf1, a member of the HECT family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, seletively interacts with Smads of the BMP pathway, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation (6). In addition, Smurf1 has been shown to interact with the inhibitor Smad, Smad7, the bone-specific transcription factor Runx2/Cbfa1, RhoA and MEKK2 (7-10). In vivo, Smurf1 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation (10,11). A related protein, Smurf2, acts more promiscuously, interacting with both BMP and TGF-b Smad proteins (12).\n\nApplications: \nSuitable for use in ELISA and Western Blot. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilution:\nWestern blot 1:1000\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. For long-term storage, store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for at least 12 months at -20 degrees C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.

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