TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1) is expressed in monocytes and neutrophils but not in lymphocytes, dendritic cells, or other cell...
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) phosphorylate and augment transcriptional activity of c-Jun. JNKs originate from three genes that yield 10 isoforms through...
The insulin receptor (IR) is a heterodimeric protein complex that has an intracellular (beta) subunit and an extracellular (alpha) subunit, which is...
The HSP 70 family is composed of four highly conserved proteins: HSP 70, HSC 70, GRP 75 and GRP 78. HSP 70 expression is strongly induced in response to heat...
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are activated by various extracellular stimuli including growth factors. The MEK kinases (also called MAP...
Caspase 9 (also known as ICE like apoptotic protease 6 (ICE LAP6), apoptotic protease Mch6, and apoptotic protease activating factor 3 (Apaf3)) is a member...
The PKM2 (pyruvate kinase, muscle) gene encodes the M1- and M2-type isoenzymes through alternative splicing events. Both M1- and M2-type isoforms exists as...
PPAR gamma is implicated in numerous diseases including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. PPAR gamma activators include prostanoids, fatty...
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is composed of p85 and p110 subunits. p85 lacks PI 3-kinase activity and acts as an adapter, coupling p110 to...
Cytochrome c is a well characterized mobile electron transport protein that is essential to energy conversion in all aerobic organisms. In mammalian cells,...
CD40 and CD154 (also designated CD40L or TRAP) comprise a receptor ligand pair central to the transmission of this signal. CD40 is expressed on the surface...
The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a protein synthesized in early G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, functions in cell cycle progression, DNA...
p53, a DNA-binding, oligomerization domain and transcription activation domain-containing tumor suppressor, upregulates growth arrest and apoptosisrelated...
The c-Jun proto-oncogene was first identified as the cellular homolog of the avian sarcoma virus v-Jun oncogene. The c-Jun protein, along with c-Fos, is a...
Produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens. IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory...
The c-Fos oncogene was initially detected in two independent murine osteosarcoma virus isolates and an avian nephroblastoma virus. The cellular homolog,...
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1), also designated acidic FGF, and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), also designated basic FGF, are members of a family of...
The progression of cells through the cell cycle is regulated by a family of proteins designated cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Sequential activation of...
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity constitutes an important component of specific effector mechanisms in immuno- surveillance against...
Caspase 3 (also known as CPP32, YAMA and apopain) is the most extensively studied apoptotic protein among caspase family members. Caspase 3 is synthesized as...