Fox3 (Fox-3, Fox-1 Homolog C, Hexaribonucleotide-binding Protein 3, Hrnbp3, Neuronal Nuclei, NeuN, RNA Binding Protein Fox-1 Homolog 3, RBFOX3)

Fox3 is one of a family of mammalian homologues of Fox-1, which was originally discovered in C. elegans as a gene involved in sex determination. Fox is an acronym of "Feminizing locus on X". The mammalian genome contains three genes homologous to C. elegans Fox-1, usually called Fox1, Fox2 and Fox3. All these Fox proteins are about 46kD in size, and each includes a central highly conserved RRM type RNA recognition motif. This motif corresponds to a small ~70 amino acid structure consisting of 4 beta strands and two alpha-helices. An alternate name for Fox3 is hexaribonucleotide binding protein 3, and the Fox proteins are believed to have a role in the regulation of mRNA splicing. Much interest has focused on Fox3 as a result of the recent finding that this protein corresponds to NeuN, a neuronal nuclear antigen. NeuN was first described in 1994 by Mullen et al. (2), who raised a series of monoclonal antibodies to mouse antigens with the original intent of finding mouse species specific markers useful for transplantation experiments. In the event they obtained a clone, called mAb A60, which proved to bind an antigen expressed only in neuronal nuclei and to a lesser extent the cytoplasm of neuronal cells, and which appeared to work on all vertebrates. A few neuronal cell types were not recognized by the the NeuN antibody, such as cerebellar Purkinje cells, olfactory Mitral cells and retinal photoreceptors. However the vast majority of neurons are strongly NeuN positive, and NeuN immunoreactivity has been widely used to measure the neuron/glial ratio in brain regions (3). The protein bound by this antibody was not characterized, though the molecular weight of this protein was shown to be closely spaced bands running at 46-48kD on SDS-PAGE gels. The exact identity of the NeuN protein was not elucidated in this paper or, despite several attempts, for may years later. Despite this the mAb A66 antibody has become very widely used as a robust marker of neurons and neuronal stem cells, and a recent medline search using the keyword "neun" produced over 1,100 hits. Recently Kim et al. used proteomic methods to show that NeuN corresponds to Fox3 (4). NeuN/Fox-3 is therefore a protein which has a function in RNA splicing and is expressed heavily and specifically in neuronal nuclei and cytoplasm. Our antibody was raised against the N-terminal 100 amino acids of human Fox3 as expressed in and purified from E. coli. Full length Fox3 was not used as the immunogen since the three mammalian Fox homologues, namely Fox1, Fox2 and Fox3, include virtually identical RRM motifs. The N-terminal region of the three molecules are much more variable in the three molecules so antibodies specific for each of the three molecules can therefore be generated. For a review of the Fox family of proteins see reference 5. The HGNC name for this protein is RBFOX3.\n\nApplications:\nSuitable for use in Immunofluorescence and Western Blot. Other applications not tested.\n\nRecommended Dilution:\nImmunofluorescence: 1:1000\nWestern Blot: 1:1000-1:2000 using chemiluminescence.\nOptimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.\n\nStorage and Stability:\nMay be stored at 4 degrees C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20 degrees C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.

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SPECIFICATIONS

Catalog Number

031362

Size

100ul

Applications

IF, WB

Hosts

Mouse

Reactivities

Hum, Mouse, Rat, Bov, Prc

Form

Supplied as a liquid in PBS, 10mM sodium azide.

P Type

Mab

Purity

Purified by affinity chromatography.

Isotype

IgG2a,k

References

1. Hodgkin J, Zellan JD, Albertson DG. Identification of a candidate primary sex determination locus, fox-1, on the X chromosome of Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 120:3681-3689 (1994).\n\n2. Mullen RJ, Buck CR, Smith AM. NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein in vertebrates. Development 116:201-211 (1994).\n\n3. Herculano-Houzel S, Lent R. Isotropic fractionator: a simple, rapid method for the quantification of total cell and neuron numbers in the brain. J Neurosci. 25:2518-21 (2005).\n\n4. Kim KK, Adelstein RS, Kawamoto S. Identification of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) as Fox-3, a new member of the Fox-1 gene family of splicing factors. J. Biol. Chem. 284:31052-31061 (2009).\n\n5. Underwood,J.G., Boutz,P.L., Dougherty,J.D., Stoilov,P. and Black,D.L. Homologues of the Caenorhabditis elegans Fox-1 protein are neuronal splicing regulators in mammals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:10005-10016 (2005).

Additional Info

Recognizes Fox3/NeuN from human, bovine, porcine, mouse, rat and other mammals. Since Fox3/NeuN is highly conserved, it is likely that the antibody is effective on other species also.